In her fellowship project, Sophie Blackburn will generate glomerulus-like structures in vitro by recapitulating physiological growth confinement of kidney organoids during differentiation and induce vasculogenesis of endothelial cells across microfluidic chips containing kidney organoids to create a perfusable vascular network. The longer-term goal is to provide an unparalleled tool for predicting renal toxicity and efficacy of new drugs, with possible future directions including urine production and organoids as a renal replacement therapy.